

Currently, the only available treatment is the same digoxin-specific antibody fragments used to treat digoxin overdose.

There have been multiple case reports of overdose with clinical presentations similar to digoxin toxicity, with death occurring owing to arrhythmia. Because they are structurally similar to digoxin, they also display a similar toxicity profile. They are used in multiple traditional Chinese medications and aphrodisiacs. Bufadienolides are a group of cardioactive steroids with a chemical structure similar to digoxin.

directly attributable to digoxin overdose, with many more non-fatal cases reported. According to the National Poison Data System, in 2013, there were 26 deaths in the U.S. Currently, cardioactive steroid toxicity has become a well-known entity that even now, continues to be an issue. Derived from the foxglove plant, cardiac glycosides have been used for the treatment of heart failure for more than 200 years and are continued to be used today for patients with atrial fibrillation and heart failure.
